Product Layouts and Group Technologies Essay -- Operations Management

Product Layouts and Group Technologies In today’s world of operations management, layouts of manufacturing processes play a key role in achieving and maintaining long term goals. These layouts need to be well thought out and carefully planned for they can effect the cost or producing goods and delivering services for many years into the future. Layouts are dependent on the technology utilized and product type manufactured. There are four typical layouts: process layout, product layout, fixed position layout and combination layout. A combination layout is a layout that shares properties of two or more layouts. Such as a group technology layout that shares characteristics of a process layout and a product layout. They’re similar in that the cells are designed to perform a specific set of processes, and it is similar to product layout in that the cells are dedicated to a limited range of products. Each layout usually involves compromise and balancing of the process variables and it’s always debatable whether the perfect layout actually exists. â€Å"The purpose of layout planning is: to maximize the efficiency and profitability of a manufacturing operation to allow consistency and quality in products to be produced to allow flexibility and ease of adaptation for machinery and production personnel to products as required by the market†(Anonymous 2). Some characteristics of a good layout would be minimum material movement, workstations close together, easily adjustable to changing conditions and one plant floor so that everyone can see what’s going on. To define and explain, a product layout is a product-orientated layout that is appropriate for producing one standardized product in typically large volumes. Each unit being produced requires the same sequence of operations from beginning till end. During times when product demand is high enough and sustainable over a long period of time, it is usually cost effective to rearrange resources from a process layout to a product layout. In certain cases the equipment layouts are arranged so that the product in manufactured in a sequential and continuous arrangement. A good example would be an assembly line. Assembly lines can vary widely either they can be virtually 100 percent parts assembly by workers or by a transfer line where all the work being done is by machine. An assembly line is ... ...erformance. For example the decision to adopt a process layout which often groups workers according to skills may not be compatible with an operation requiring some persons of all skills to produce a variety of different products. For process and product layouts, the design begins with a statement of the goals and facility. Preliminary layouts are then designed to meet these goals. After initial designs have been developed, improved designs are sought through numerical analysis and discussion with the users. The development of a layout should involve everyone that it is effecting. Computer based models can be used for preliminary estimations to create some preliminary layouts using CAD or similar drawing software. The layouts then can be analyzed against the goals of the facility and improvement made if necessary. In summary while there are a lot of tools for good layout planning and each layout are dependent on the type of products and external variables impacting on the manufacturing process. A skilled layout planner working with manufacturing staff and management should work through objectives and options to determine the optimal solution for a given facility. Product Layouts and Group Technologies Essay -- Operations Management Product Layouts and Group Technologies In today’s world of operations management, layouts of manufacturing processes play a key role in achieving and maintaining long term goals. These layouts need to be well thought out and carefully planned for they can effect the cost or producing goods and delivering services for many years into the future. Layouts are dependent on the technology utilized and product type manufactured. There are four typical layouts: process layout, product layout, fixed position layout and combination layout. A combination layout is a layout that shares properties of two or more layouts. Such as a group technology layout that shares characteristics of a process layout and a product layout. They’re similar in that the cells are designed to perform a specific set of processes, and it is similar to product layout in that the cells are dedicated to a limited range of products. Each layout usually involves compromise and balancing of the process variables and it’s always debatable whether the perfect layout actually exists. â€Å"The purpose of layout planning is: to maximize the efficiency and profitability of a manufacturing operation to allow consistency and quality in products to be produced to allow flexibility and ease of adaptation for machinery and production personnel to products as required by the market†(Anonymous 2). Some characteristics of a good layout would be minimum material movement, workstations close together, easily adjustable to changing conditions and one plant floor so that everyone can see what’s going on. To define and explain, a product layout is a product-orientated layout that is appropriate for producing one standardized product in typically large volumes. Each unit being produced requires the same sequence of operations from beginning till end. During times when product demand is high enough and sustainable over a long period of time, it is usually cost effective to rearrange resources from a process layout to a product layout. In certain cases the equipment layouts are arranged so that the product in manufactured in a sequential and continuous arrangement. A good example would be an assembly line. Assembly lines can vary widely either they can be virtually 100 percent parts assembly by workers or by a transfer line where all the work being done is by machine. An assembly line is ... ...erformance. For example the decision to adopt a process layout which often groups workers according to skills may not be compatible with an operation requiring some persons of all skills to produce a variety of different products. For process and product layouts, the design begins with a statement of the goals and facility. Preliminary layouts are then designed to meet these goals. After initial designs have been developed, improved designs are sought through numerical analysis and discussion with the users. The development of a layout should involve everyone that it is effecting. Computer based models can be used for preliminary estimations to create some preliminary layouts using CAD or similar drawing software. The layouts then can be analyzed against the goals of the facility and improvement made if necessary. In summary while there are a lot of tools for good layout planning and each layout are dependent on the type of products and external variables impacting on the manufacturing process. A skilled layout planner working with manufacturing staff and management should work through objectives and options to determine the optimal solution for a given facility.

The Shock of Enslavement

African rulers began enslaving and selling their own people to Europe and other countries long before there was such a large demand for slaves in the early 1600s. Enslavement started out as punishment for crimes, but soon became a booming business for African rulers. English colonists who had a need for cheap labor decided to tap into the slave trade to find affordable plantation workers. Africans were taken against their will, tortured, and dehumanized in preparation for their journey into slavery. Africans of all social ranks ended up on slave ships. Some had been village leaders; some already slaves in Africa, members of chiefs’ families and the educated elite. They were kidnapped, separated from their families, branded like cattle, and made to march in chains to the coast where they would be confined in cages until there were enough of them to fill a ship. The slaves then boarded canoes to be ferried to the ships. Many became desperate and decided to jump overboard and drown rather than be carried off to an unknown destination. The voyage from Africa to North America was a six- to eight-week-long ocean voyage called the Middle Passage. Men were wedged below decks in spaces about 6 feet long, 16 inches wide, and 30 inches high. Women and children were packed even more tightly. The slaves were forced to stay below decks most of the time where the smell of vomit, blood, and other body fluids grew rancid. Some slaves went insane from the cooped up conditions, and hearing shrieks and groans of pain or dying. Others refused to eat. On many voyages, between 5 and 20 percent of the slaves died from disease and other causes. Those who survived the horrifying voyage endured the humiliation of being sold. Buyers generally preferred males and often looked for slaves from certain African ethnic groups, believing that some Africans would work harder than others. The process often involved being looked over for signs of disease, including being poked and prodded. Many terrified Africans thought they were going to be eaten. Being a slave in early American times would have been a horrible way to live. But that seems mild compared to the actual process of becoming a slave and enduring the horrific voyage overseas to America. We can only hope that time has healed some of the pain and suffering caused to all generations and races that have been enslaved throughout the years.Works CitedDavid Goldfield –[et al.]–(2009) The American Journey: a history of the United States, p.68-71 The Wikimedia Foundation (2010) http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Middle_Passage

Placebo Use For Pain Management - 1692 Words

Abstract Placebo use in place of effective pain medication to manage pain was widely spread, until the first half of the 20th century when physicians recognized that the use of placebo is ineffective, harmful, and unethical. This formed a real threat for the professionals and become one of the most controversial issues in the last century. This paper set a statement and rationale for eliminate the use of placebo according to the available scientific and ethical literatures on the controversial subject of the use of placebo in pain management. Placebo use in pain management 1. Introduction Pain is a significant public health problem impacting millions of people’s worldwide. It’s a distressing feeling affects multidimensional aspect of life; physical, social, spiritual and emotional. Pain is considered a complex phenomena and the most subjective experience. Mostly health care providers are unable to precisely determine the intensity of a patient’s pain; since that there is no any test or physical finding for pain. For these reasons, assessments of pain should be based when possible, on the patient’s self-report, and the health care providers should not underestimated the patient complaint of pain, and try to manage pain in a proper professional way. However placebo use in place of effective pain medication to manage pain is a controversial issue which has been greatly recognized as unethical, ineffective, and harmful. (Zalon, Constantino, Andrews, 2008)Show MoreRelatedEthics Of Deceit : Insight Into Placebo Studies1595 Words à ‚  |  7 PagesEthics of Deceit: Insight into Placebo Studies Placebos have been used throughout many studies when testing experimental drugs for certain medical conditions. A placebo is a form of treatment that, in a sense, has nothing in it. 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To try and test the benefits of acupuncture on pain, a group of researchers conducted a meta-analysis to see whether or not acupuncture could help people with their pain after surgery, in a study called â€Å"The Efficacy of Acupuncture in Post-Operative Pain Management† (Wu et al., 2016). Usually after operation, patients are given pain medication to help manage their discomfortRead MoreAcute Care Of Pelvic Fractures1423 Words   |  6 Pagesfeasible in this patient group. In addition, whether it improves hip abductor and adductor peak torque in pelvic fracture rehabilitation compared to a placebo group. Methods: Seven patients with surgically fixed pelvic fractures were randomly allocated into two groups at six weeks post fracture. The treatment group completed six weeks of daily NMES. The placebo group completed six weeks of daily transcutaneous electrical nerve stimulation (TENS). 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M.D., M.P.H.; Immergluck, Lilly M.D. etc. The New England Journal of Medicine. 2017;376:2545–2555 B A C K G R O U N D Background Although uncomplicated skin abscesses are common, the appropriate management of the condition in the era of community-associated methicillin-resistant Staphyloccous aureus (MRSA) is unclear. Previous trials The cure rates associated with clindamycin are similarRead MoreCase Analysis : Perioperative Pain Management1342 Words   |  6 Pagesthe Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews was on perioperative pain management. As a nurse in the anesthesia department, preoperative, intraoperative, and post-operative pain management is primarily the responsibility of the anesthesia practitioner. As nurses, we need to be able to appropriately assess a patient’s pain level in order to notify the physician for orders to treat the pain accordingly. â€Å"Acute postoperative pain remains a major problem, with both undertreatment and overtreatment